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Vol 144 No. 2, December 2015

 

 

EDITORIAL

Current scientific understanding and prevailing public opinion


Scientific research aims to generate new scientific knowledge that improves the accuracy of human understanding of the physical, biological and social world. Accomplishing this task is becoming increasingly challenging in keeping with the rapid growth of available information. The present generation of scientists and researchers are hard-pressed to formulate more detailed and comprehensive descriptions of natural phenomena that for experimental verification will also require the development of novel measurement techniques of greater precision, higher detection limit and resolving power as well as wider dynamic range.


Being able to understand more accurately how Nature works is already sufficient reward at least for those directly involved in the painstaking inquiry as well as for most members of the scientific community. Of greater practical significance is the fact that new scientific knowledge brings tangible benefits to society at large – its successful application boosts labor productivity, creates wealth and improves the quality of life. But for the general public to possibly enjoy the fruits of research and development an enabling social environment is needed where there is broad critical support for the scientific enterprise system especially among non-scientists including politicians, legislators, policy-makers, regulators and adjudicators who play a vital role in ensuring fair access and safe utilization of available scientific resources in the country. . . . . read more

 

Design of Robust Optimal Fractional-Order Pid Controllers
Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) System

 

Saeed Balochian1, Hossein Baloochin2 and Hadi Ramezanian3

1,3Department of Electrical Engineering, Gonabad Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Gonabad, Iran
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdows Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Ferdows, Iran


corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a fractional order controller with a first-order low pass filter in derivative was designed. Since disturbance rejection is more common than set point tracking in industrial processes, the performance of the system was evaluated by its ability to reject disturbance. Morever, a method for robust optimum tuning of fractional PID controllers for AVR system using Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was presented. Using the H∞-norm of a SISO linear system, condition for disturbance rejection was determined and constrained optimization problem was solved. The proposed approach with new defined fitness function has very easy implementation and has the most control performance. The influence and efficiency of the proposed method were illustrated in simulations.

 

INTRODUCTION

In the last decade, fractional-order dynamic systems and controllers had been widely studied in many areas of engineering and science (Baleanu et al. 2012a, Baleanu et al. 2012b, Pan and Das 2013). The concept of fractional-order PID (FOPID) controllers was proposed by Podlubny in 1999. Hardware and digital realizations of fractional-order systems can be followed in Valerio and Sada (2011). Biswas et al. (2009) presented an FOPID design method based on differential evolution (DE) technique. Moreover, Yeroglu and Tan (2011) presented a method based on the Ziegler–Nichols and the Astrom–Hagglund methods. Luo et al. (2011a) also designed a fractional order (PI)λ controller to improve the flight control performance of a small fixed-wing unmanned aerial . . . . read more

 

REFERENCES

AMER ML, HASSAN HH, YOUSSEF HM. 2008. Modified Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization for AVR-PID tuning.  Communications and Information Technology Systems and Signals, 2008 Marathon Beach, Attica, Greece. 164-173.
BALEANU D, DIETHELM K, SCALAS E, TRUJILLO JJ. 2012a. Fractional Calculus: Models and Numerical Methods. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. 428p.
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BINGUL Z, KARAHAN O. 2011. Tuning of fractional PID controllers using PSO algorithm for robot trajectory control. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics; 13-15 April 2011; Istanbul, Turkey: IEEE. p13-15.
BISWAS A, DAS S, ABRAHAM A, DASGUPTA S. 2009. Design of fractional-order PID controllers with an improved differential evolution. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 22:343-350.
CAPONETTO R, DONGOLA G, FORTUNA L, PETRAS I. 2010. Fractional order systems, modeling and control applications. World scientific series on nonlinear science, series A (World Scientific Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.).
COELHO LDS. 2009. Tuning of PID Controller for an Automatic Regulator Voltage System Using chaotic Optimization Approach. Chaos Solitons & Fractals, 39(4):1504-1514.
CVETKOVSKI G, PETKOVSKA L. 2013. Efficiency Improvement of Axial Flux PM Motor Using Particle Swarm Optimisation. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny (2b): 38-42.
DAS S. 2011. Functional Fractional Calculus. Berlin, Germany: Springer. 612p.
DAS S, PAN I. 2012. Chaotic multi-objective optimization based design of fractional order PIλ Dµ controller in AVR system. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 43(1), 393-407.
DAS S, PAN I. 2013. Frequency domain design of fractional order PID controller for AVR system using chaotic multi-objective optimization. Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 51, 106-118.
DEVARAJ D, SELVABALA B. 2009. Real-coded genetic algorithm and fuzzy logic approach for real-time tuning of proportional-integral-derivative controller in automatic voltage regulator system. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib 3(7):641-649.
DOMINGUES J, VALERIO D, DA CJS. 2009. Rule-based fractional control of an irrigation canal.  In: 35th annual conference of IEEE industrial electronics IECON ’09; 3-5 November 2009; Porto, Portugal: IEEE. p1712-1717.
GAING ZLA. 2004. Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for Optimum Design of PID Controller in AVR System.  IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2004. 384-391.
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KENNEDY  J, EBERHART RC. 1995. Particle swarm optimization.  In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks; Nov/Dec 1995; Perth, Australia: IEEE. p1942-1948.
KROHLING RA, REY JP. 2001. Design of optimal disturbance rejection PID controllers using genetic algorithm. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput, 5, 78-82.
LUO Y, CHAO H, DI L, CHEN YQ. 2011a. Lateral directional fractional order (PI)a control of a small fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles: controller designs and flight tests. IET Control Theory Appl 5: 2156-2167.
LUO Y, CHEN YQ. 2009. Fractional-order [proportional derivative] controller for a class of fractional order systems. Automatica 45 (10): 2446-2450.
LUO Y, CHEN YQ, PI Y. 2011b. Experimental study of fractional order proportional derivative controller synthesis for fractional order systems. Mechatronics 21: 204-214.
PAN I, DAS S. 2013. Intelligent Fractional Order Systems and Control. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 298p.
PODLUBNY I. 1999. Fractional-order systems and PIλ Dµ controllers. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control  44:208-214.
RAHIMIAN M, RAAHEMIFAR K. 2011. Optimal PID controller design for AVR system using particle swarm optimization algorithm. In: IEEE 24th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE); 8-11 May 2011; Niagara Falls, Canada: IEEE. p337-340.
TANG Y, CUI M, HUA C, LI L, YANG Y. 2012. Optimum design of fractional order PIλ Dµ controller for AVR system using chaotic ant swarm. Expert Systems with Applications 39: 6887-6896.
VALERIO D, SADA CJ. 2011. Introduction to single-input, single-output fractional control IET Control Theory Appl 5(8):1033-1057.
WONG CC, LI L, WANG HY. 2009. Optimal PID Controller Design for AVR System. Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering 12(3): 259-270.
YEROGLU C, TAN N. 2011. Note on fractional-order proportional integral differential controller design. IET Control Theory Appl 5(17): 1978-1989.
ZAMANI M, KARIMI-GHARTEMANI M, SADATI N, PARNIANI M. 2009. Design of a fractional order PID controller for an AVR using particle swarm optimization. Control Engineering Practice 17(12): 1380-1387.

 

Challenges of Water Governance in the Philippines

 

Agnes C. Rola1, Juan M. Pulhin2, Guillermo Q. Tabios III3,
Joy C. Lizada4, and Maria Helen F. Dayo5

1College of Public Affairs and Development, University of the Philippines Los Baños and National Academy of Science and Technology, College, Los Baños,Laguna, 4031, Philippines
2College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Banos,
College, Los Baños, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
3College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman and National Academy of Science and Technology, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
4College of Management, University of the Philippines Visayas,
Iloilo City, Iloilo, 5000 Philippines
5Gender Center, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
Los Baños, Laguna, 4031, Philippines

corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. \ This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

ABSTRACT

Using a multi-dimensional framework of governance, this paper analyzed the state of water governance in the Philippines from the legal, organizational, and operational perspectives at various governance levels. Data were taken from secondary sources and case studies done by the authors. Results showed that the many legal documents for water are a source of confusion; that water data for planning are inadequate; that there are numerous water agencies, these are not connected vertically nor horizontally; and, that these various institutions do not have sufficient human and financial resources and presence at the local level to be effective in their mandates. The authors recommend: 1) to review the legal and institutional framework for water; 2) to improve on planning and decision making mandates; and, 3) to study and implement more participatory models of water governance fitted to the Philippine context.

 

INTRODUCTION

Development practitioners all over the world have recognized the role of water governance in addressing future water scarcity. In 2001, Kofi Anan of the United Nations and in 2002, Tadao Chino, former Asian Development Bank (ADB) President, have both declared that the water crisis is a governance crisis. An ADB report further stated that if some Asian countries will face a water crisis in the future, it will not be because of physical scarcity of water, but because of inadequate or inappropriate water governance (including management practices, institutional arrangements, and socio-political conditions), which leave much to be desired (ADB 2007). For the Asia-Pacific region, the literature contends that water shortage will become a major constraint in the economic and social development of the region's individual countries unless equitable and efficient water allocation . . . . read more

 

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[FAO] FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 2002. Aquastat database. Retrieved from http: //www.fao.org/ag/agl    /aglw/aquastat Accessed on 1 October 2014.
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HALL RA, LIZADA JC, DAYO MHF, ABANSI CL, DAVID ME AND ROLA AC (2015). To the last drop: The political economy of the Philippine water policy. Water Policy 17:946-962.
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LIZADA, J.C. 2012. Water Resource Management in Practice: Iloilo Case Study. In: Roundtable Discussion on Water Rights and Water Wrongs: Toward Good Water Governance for Development,  Social Sciences Division- NAST PHL, 26 January 2012; Hyatt Hotel and Casino Manila, Philippines. 9p.
MALAYANG BS III. 2004. A model of water governance in the Philippines. In: Rola AC, Francisco HA, Liguton Winning the water war: Watersheds, water policies and water institutions. JPT (eds) Makati City. Philippines: Philippine Institute of Development Studies, p. 59–84.
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Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test for Membrane Integrity Evaluation
of Frozen-Thawed Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis, Linn.) Spermatozoa

 

Danilda Hufana-Duran1,2,3*, Rachelle P. Mallari2, Devon P. Suba2,
Peregrino G. Duran1, Evaristo A. Abella2, and Felomino V. Mamuad1

1Reproductive Biotechnology Laboratory, Philippine Carabao Center,
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
2Department of Biological Sciences, Central Luzon State University,
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
3Prometeo, Universidad Tecnica de Babahoyo, Los Rios, Ecuador


corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. / This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT

Studies were conducted to establish the standard procedure of hypo-osmotic swelling test for frozen-thawed water buffalo spermatozoa. Hypo-osmotic swelling test is used in assessing plasma membrane integrity of spermatozoa of human and other livestock species. Plasma membrane integrity is a requisite of a fertile sperm. Standardization of hypo-osmotic swelling solutions and methodologies has not yet been done for frozen-thawed water buffalo spermatozoa; thus, the objective of this study was to identify assay conditions specifically for water buffalo. The following studies were conducted: Effective exposure time (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 min) and temperature (25°C or 37°C), examination of the best osmolality of solution (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mOsm), evaluation of sugar (fructose vs. sucrose) better for HOS solution, and assessment of the repeatability and consistency of the test. Results showed optimum sperm reaction at 150 mOsm at 60 min but no significant difference was observed to 15 to 60 min exposure at 37°C in 50 to 200 mOsm using either fructose or sucrose as hypo-osmotic swelling solutions. Using the optimum HOST treatment procedure using 150 mOsm fructose-sodium citrate solution at 37ºC for 45 min, a coefficient of variation ranging from 0.05 to 0.09 among bulls was observed. Results demonstrated a standard hypo-osmotic swelling test procedure that is simple, accurate and consistent with good repeatability to predict the functional membrane integrity of buffalo spermatozoa.

 

INTRODUCTION

Water buffalo is known for its inferior reproductive potential compared to cattle. In carrying out artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF), the efficiency rate is lower in water buffalo compared to cattle and the quality of spermatozoa significantly affects the success rate (Hufana-Duran et al. 2005). Though frozen semen use for AI and IVF has undergone rigorous semen quality evaluation prior to processing, the post-thaw quality needs to be reassessed to ensure that the sperm processing, storage and transport processes have not affected the . . . . . read more

 

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Approximate Controllability of a Parabolic
System with Imperfect Interfaces

 Patrizia Donato1, and Editha C. Jose2

1Normandie Universit´e, Universit´e de Rouen, Laboratoire de Math´ematiques Rapha¨el Salem, CNRS, UMR 6085, Avenue de l’Universit´e, BP 12, 76801 Saint-E´tienne du Rouvray cedex, France
2Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, UP Los Baños,College, Los Baños Laguna, Philippines


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ABSTRACT

In this paper, we complete the investigation of the asymptotic behavior of the approximate control for a parabolic equation with periodic rapidly oscillating coefficients depending on a parameter γ and modeling composites with interfacial resistance. The approximate control and its asymptotic behavior as ε → 0 for the case −1 < γ ≤ 1was done recently by the authors in DONATO P. and JOSE E. 2015. Asymptotic Behavior of the Approximate Controls for Parabolic Equations with Interfacial Contact resistance. ESAIM: COCV 21(1): 100-127]. We considered here the remaining case γ ≤ −1. The corrector results for the latter case given in [YANG Z. 2014. The Periodic Unfolding Method for a Class of Parabolic Problems with Imperfect Interfaces. ESAIM: M2AN 48: 1279-1302] play an important role when proving this result. Following an idea introduced by J.-L. Lions, the approximate control is constructed as the solutions of a related transposed problem having as final data the (unique) minimum point of a suitable functional. Then we showed that the control and the corresponding solution of the periodic problem converge respectively to the control and to the solution of the homogenized problem. Let us mention here that one of the main difficulties is to find the appropriate limit functionals in order to obtain the convergence results. This study addresses the problem of homogenization in the context of controllability and vice-versa, showing the interplay of two approaches in the study of partial differential equations.

 

INTRODUCTION

In this paper, we study the asymptotic behavior, as epsilon to zero , of an approximate control for a system of linear parabolic equations with rapidly oscillating coecients on an “-periodic two-component composite.
More precisely, let ! to be a given open non-empty . . . . . read more

 

REFERENCES

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