Harmful Dinoflagellates and Mitigation Strategies in Korea
Chang-Hoon Kim*, Tae Gyu Park1, and Chankkyu Lee1
Department of Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
1Ecology and Oceanography Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Korea
corresponding author:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been responsible for numerous fish kills and public health problem. Since 1995, massive C. polykrikoides-related fish kills and Alexandrium spp.-related shellfish poising from Korean waters. have been recorded To address this issue, geographic distribution of harmful algae, molecular methods for identifying harmful algae, HABs mitigation strategies, impact on some fisheries animals, life cycles, and toxicity have been studied to understand their bloom dynamics. The paper is a review on the studies of harmful dinoflagellates and mitigation.
INTRODUCTION
Mariculture for finfish or shellfish in the coasts of Korea is popular. Many pen cages, particularly for finfish culture, are mostly concentrated along the southern coast where there are many embayments enabling aquaculture facilities safe from typhoons. However, harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been increasing year by year since 1980s due to eutrophication caused by industrialization and increase of aquaculture sites. Moreover, HABs by Cochlodinium polykrikoides occurring in both inshore and offshore have been prevailing since the 1990s resulting in severe fisheries damage in the area coasts (Han et al. 1993; Kim et al. 1999; Lee et al. 2001; Kim et al. 2001). Accordingly, HABs by microalgae have gained increasing attention over the last three decades in Korea. . . . . .
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