Development of Selection Criteria and Strategies for Organic Rice Breeding
Alvin D. Palanog, Cherryl U. Seville, Cielo Luz C. Mondejar*,
Le-Ann G. Dogeno, Gerald E. Bello, Albert Christian S. Suñer,
May Osano-Palanog, and Leo T. Sta. Ines
Philippine Rice Research Institute Negros Branch Station (PhilRice Negros)
Cansilayan, Murcia, Negros Occidental 6129 Philippines
*Corresponding Author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Organic agriculture is still largely dependent on the varieties produced in the conventional system, which may or may not be suitable for the practice. A two-year study was conducted to assess the performance of various rice genotypes under different input systems [conventional (CS), organic (OS), and zero (ZS)] and in various farmers’ organic practices. The study examined genotypes by organic management practices (GxE) interaction and investigated the need for a separate breeding program for organic rice. This study is very useful to plant breeders in developing rice varieties suited for organic production system. Analysis of grain yield revealed a highly significant genotypic variance in each input system and GxE variance. The response of genotypes differs on each input system. Genotypic and phenotypic correlation analysis between OS and CS showed low correlation. The low indirect correlated response implies that selection for organic rice is effective if conducted under OS rather than CS. These support the need for a separate breeding program for organic rice varieties. The GxE interaction for grain yield across farmers’ organic management practices showed a highly significant effect, indicating a very variable response of genotypes across management practices, which emphasized the importance of developing varieties specific for the unique practices of organic farmers. Direct phenotypic selection for grain yield would not be very effective due to the moderately low broad sense heritability (H) values (53–56%). Path analysis showed that the number of spikelets has the highest direct effect (0.70) to grain yield during the wet season, whereas plant height (0.47) and biomass (0.46) hold sway during the dry season. Direct phenotypic selection for these traits, given their high H value and genetic advance, will significantly contribute to grain yield but seasonal variation should be considered.
INTRODUCTION
Organic agriculture is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization as a system that eliminates the use of synthetic inputs such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, veterinary drugs, genetically modified seeds and breeds, preservatives, additives, and irradiation. The Organic Agriculture Act or Republic Act No. 10068 in the Philippines also defines the term “organic” to a particular farming and processing system that becomes unique with its refraining from the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. The unsustainable practices and growing concerns on the environment of the conventional high-input system are the core reasons for the increasing popularity of organic agriculture. Organic agriculture aims to achieve optimum yield without depleting the environmental resources. In input aspect, conventional agriculture intensively used commercial inputs produced from fossil-fuel-based processes compared to organic agriculture, which utilizes resources available within the bio-system. The large population of the country and geography (i.e., lack of river deltas) are the merits of intensive agriculture despite its perceived unsustainability. . . . read more
REFERENCES
ABARSHAHR M, RABIEI B, LAHIGI HS. 2011. Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in rice under optimum and stress irrigation regimes. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 3(4): 134–142. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb346280
ALLARD RW. 1960. Principle of plant breeding. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
ATLIN GN, FREY KJ. 1989. Predicting the relative effectiveness of direct versus indirect selection for yield in three types of stress environments. Euphytica 44: 137–142.
ATLIN GN, BAKER RJ, MCRAE KB, LU X. 2000. Selection response in subdivided target regions. Crop Sci 40: 7–13.
BASAVARAJA P, RUDRARADHYA M, KULKARNI RS. 1997. Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis of yield components in two F4 population of five rainfed. Mysore J Agric Sci 31: 1–6.
BRANCOURT-HOULMEL M, HUEMEZ E, PLUCHARD P, BEGHIN D, DEPATUREAX C, GIRAUD A, LE GOUIS J. 2005. Indirect versus direct selection of winter wheat for low-input and high input levels. Crops Sci 45: 1427–1431.
CECCARELLI S. 1989. Wide adaptation: How wide? Euphytica 40: 197–205.
COMSTOCK RE, MOLL RH. 1963. Genotype-environment interactions. In: Statistical Genetics and Plant Breeding. Hanson WD, Robinson HF ed. Washington DC: NAS-NRC. p. 164–196.
DATTA SKD, GUMEZ KA. 1985. Changes in phosphorus and potassium response in wetland rice soils in South and South-East Asia. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. p. 21–30.
FALCONER DS. 1981. Introduction to quantitative genetics, 2nd ed. London/New York: Longmans Green.
FALCONER DS, MACKAY TFC. 1996. Introduction to quantitative genetics, 4th ed. Harlow, UK: Longmans Green.
JOHNSON HW, ROBINSON HF, COMSTOCK RE. 1995. Estimate of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans. Agron J 47: 314–318.
JONGERDEN J, ALMEKINDERS C, RUIVENKAMP G. 2002. Over visies en niewe wegen – Case studies van organisatievormen in de biologische veredeling en zaadproductie [Rapport no. 182]. Wetenschapswinkel WUR, the Netherlands. 57p.
KHUSH GS. 1999. Green revolution: preparing for the 21st century. Genome 42: 646–655.
LAMMERTS VAN BUEREN ET, JONES SS, TAMN L, MURPHY KM, MYERS, LIEFERT C, MESSMER MM. 2011. The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review. Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 58: 193–205.
LAMMERTS VAN BUEREN ET, STRUIK PC, JACOBSEN E. 2002. Ecological concepts in organic farming and their consequences for an organic crop ideotype. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 50: 1–26.
LEGZDINA L, SKRABULE I. 2005. Plant breeding for organic farming: Current status and problems in Europe. Compendium of a Seminar on Environmental Friendly Food Production System: Requirements for Plant Breeding and Seed Production at the 6th Framework Program; 2005 May 31 – Jun 03; Talsi, Latvia. p. 1–32.
LÖSCHENBERGER F, FLECK A, GRAUSGRUBER H, HETZENDORFER H, HOF G, LAFFERTY J, MARN M, NEUMAYER, PFAFFINGER G, BIRSCHITZKY J. 2008. Breeding for organic agriculture: The example of winter wheat in Austria. Euphytica 163: 469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-008-9709-2
MANDAL NP, SINHA PK, VARIAR M, SHUKLA VD, PERRAJU P, MEHTA A, PATHAK AR, DWIVEDI JL, RATHI SPS, BHANDARKAR S, SINGH BN, SINGH DN, PANDA S, MISHRA NC, SINGH YV, PANDYA R, SINGH MK, SANGER RBS, BHATT JC, SHARMA RK, RAMAN A, KUMAR A, ALTIN G. 2010. Implications of genotype x input interactions in breeding superior genotypes for favourable and unfavourable rainfed upland environments. Field Crops Research 118: 135–144.
MENDOZA TC, PECADIZO LM, DE LOS SANTOS WD. 2001. Comparative case study of organic, LEISA, and conventional rice systems in Quezon Province, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Crop Science 26(2): 35–40.
MENG K. 1985. Potassium movement within plants and its importance in assimilate transport. In: Potassium in Agriculture. Munson RD ed. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy. p. 397–411.
MURPHY KM, CAMPBELL KG, LYON SR, JONES SS. 2007. Evidence of varietal adaptation to organic farming systems. Field Crops Research 102: 172–177.
MIKKELSON DS. 1982. Timing and method of nitrogen applied for rice. Proceedings of the 2nd National Rice Research Institute Conference; 1982 Feb 06–10; Cairo. p. 283–291.
PAUL CR, NANDA JS. 1994. Path analysis of yield and yield components and construction of selection indices of direct seeded rice: First season. Proceedings of an Annual Review Conference of the National Agriculture Research Institute, Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute in Guyana. p. 63–71.
SINGH BD. 2001. Plant breeding: principles and methods, New Delhi: Kalyani Publisher. 896p.
SUREKHA K, RAO KV, SHOBA RANI N, LATHA PC, KUMAR RM. 2013. Evaluation of organic and conventional rice production system for their productivity, profitability, grain quality and soil health. Agrotechnol S11. doi:10.4172/2168-9881.S11-006.
VANAJA T, MAMMOOTTY KP, GOVINDAN M. 2013. Development of organic indica rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L.) for the wetlands of Kerala India through new concepts and strategies of crop improvement. Journal of Organic Systems 8(2): 18–28.
WOLFE MS, BARESEL JP, DESCLAUX D, GOLDRINGER I, HOAD S, KOVACS G, LOSCHENBERGER F, MIEDANER T, OSTERGARD H, LAMMERTS VAN BUEREN ET. 2008. Development in breeding cereals for organic agriculture. Euphytica 163: 323–346.
YADAV RS, BHUSHAN C. 2001. Effect of moisture stress on growth and yield in rice genotypes. Ind J Agricult Res 2: 104–107.
YOLANDA JL, DAS LDV. 1995. Correlation and path analysis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Madras Agric J 82: 576–578.
YOSHIDA S. 1972. Physiological aspects of grain yield. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 23: 437–464.
