Genetic Diversity of Philippine Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus L.) based on SSR Markers
Veneranda A. Magpantay1*, Angel L. Lambio1, Rita P. Laude2,
Consorcia E. Reaño3, and Maria Genaleen Q. Diaz2
1Institute of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Food Science,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, College 4031 Laguna, Philippines
2Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, College 4031 Laguna, Philippines
3Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Food Science,
University of the Philippines Los Baños, College 4031 Laguna, Philippines
*Corresponding Author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity of Philippine mallard duck populations from four duck-producing provinces – namely Davao del Norte, Iloilo, Pampanga, and Quezon – using 22 microsatellite (SSR) markers. A total of 120 duck blood samples (60 males and 60 females) were obtained for genomic DNA extraction. All SSR markers were optimized and amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the allele sizes were determined using an automated fragment analyzer. Results showed that all the SSR loci were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) but have high polymorphism information content (PIC), indicating their effectiveness in assessing diversity. The four populations showed high numbers of observed, effective, and private alleles. However, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) was very low. The FIS estimate indicated a deficit of heterozygotes in all populations across loci. The farthest genetic distance was observed between Davao del Norte and Quezon duck populations and that there was already significant moderate population differentiation noted. The phylogenetic tree showed that the Davao del Norte and the Iloilo duck populations are grouped into one cluster, while the Pampanga and the Quezon ducks are grouped into another. Overall results indicated that the Philippine mallard duck populations from the selected major duck-producing provinces in the country showed high genetic diversity and serve as a reservoir of desirable genes. This could aid researchers and decision-makers in developing local egg-type mallard duck breeds.
INTRODUCTION
The Philippines, being an archipelago, is home to diverse plant and animal genetic resources. Recent reports showed that the Philippines is the center of biodiversity for chicken and marine life (Thomson et al. 2014, Carpenter and Springer 2005). Philippine mallard ducks, locally known as “Pateros,” are very popular for balut and salted egg processing. The majority of the inventory is concentrated in the Central and Southern Luzon, Cagayan Valley, Western Visayas, and Davao regions (PSA 2018). The mallard duck populations are being kept under varied production environments, from free-ranging to complete confinement, and exhibit diversity in physical traits (Lambio 2010). This phenotypic diversity needs to be further validated using the molecular technique as it provides more reliable information for assessing the degree, structure, divergence, and distribution of diversity within and among populations found in different locations. Currently, the most widely used genetic marker for diversity analysis is the SSR or short tandem repeat (STR). SSRs are repeat motifs of one to six nucleotides long. They are relatively abundant and distributed in the coding and non-coding regions of the genome. Their co-dominant property, relative ease of detection by PCR, versatility, low cost, high level of polymorphism, and ability to generate higher statistical power and discriminate among populations made this technique invaluable for various types of biological research (Moges et al. 2016, Seilsuth et al. 2016). They have been employed as an important biological marker for genome analysis (Su and Chen 2009, Lyimo et al. 2012, Farrag et al. 2013). The results could aid in the ongoing egg-type mallard duck breed development in the Philippines. . . . read more
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