(RESEARCH NOTE)
Larval Mosquito Fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Salikneta Farm, San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan, Philippines
Billy Joel M. Almarineza* and Florencia G. Claveriaa,b
aBiology Department, College of Science
De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines
bDe La Salle AgriVet Sciences Institute, Salikneta Farm
San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan, Philippines
corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
A survey of the mosquito fauna occurring in Salikneta Farm, San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan, Philippines was conducted with the primary aim of providing baseline data that may help in coming up with strategies for short-term and long-term vector control. Six species were identified by examination of larval morphology and chaetotaxy, and are reported herein. 340 (62.27%) Culex quinquefasciatus, 50 (9.16%) Cx. mimeticus, 28 (5.13%) Cx. vishnui, 8 (1.47%) Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, 111 (20.33%) Aedes aegypti, and 9 (1.65%) Anopheles tessellatus comprised the 546 third and fourth instar mosquito larvae collected from improvised ovitraps placed in five selected sites in the farm. With the exception of Cx. mimeticus, the species identified in the farm are recognized as medically important taxa with the potential to transmit agents of arboviral and/or parasitic diseases. These findings imply the importance of proper and sustainable vector control measures in Salikneta Farm where human activities and habitation have been gradually increasing as a consequence of ongoing development.
INTRODUCTION
Mosquitoes (Order Diptera: Family Culicidae), classified into two subfamilies Anophelinae and Culicinae, are cosmopolitan insects. A number of members of this very diverse family are considered medically important as vectors of viruses and parasites associated with diseases that have been emerging as a threat in relation to global warming and environmental change (Harbach 2011). Among the diseases in which mosquitoes are implemented as vectors are dengue and yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and filariasis. Asia has been considered by far the most important region in terms of global number of active filarial infections, with about 59 percent of worldwide filariasis cases distributed over 15 countries, which includes the Philippines (Manguin et al. 2010). In the Philippines, 279 species, subspecies and varieties of mosquitoes, some of which are not only of medical but also of veterinary importance, . . . . . . [DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT HERE]
REFERENCES
AZARI-HAMIDIAN S. 2007. Larval habitat characteristics of mosquitoes of the genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Guilan Province, Iran. Iranian J Arthropod-Borne Dis 1: 9-20.
BRAM RA. 1967. Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia II: The genus Culex in Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Amer Ent Inst 2: 1-296.
CAGAMPANG-RAMOS A, MCKENNA RJ, PINKOVSKY DD. 1985. A list of Philippine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 17: 1-31.
CHEN CD, NAZNI WA, SELEENA B, MOO JY, AZIZAH M, LEE HL. 2007. Comparative oviposition preferences of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) to water from storm water drains and seasoned tap water. Dengue Bull 31: 124-130.
CHRISTOPHERS SR. 1960. Aedes aegypti (L.), the yellow fever mosquito: Its life history, bionomics, and structure. New York, Cambridge Univ Press. 739 p.
DESCHAMPS TD. 2005. A preliminary study of the attractiveness of ovitrap cups in collecting container species in Massachusetts. Central Massachusetts Mosquito Control Project Annual Report 2005: 21-22. Accessible at http://www.cmmcp.org/2005%20Annual%20Report%20Blackstone.pdf
FOLEY DH, TORRES EP, MUELLER I, BRYAN JH, BELL D. 2003. Host-dependent Anopheles flavirostris larval distribution reinforces the risk of malaria near water. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hygiene 97: 283-287.
GATER BAR. 1935. Aids to the identification of anopheline larvae in Malaya. Government of the Straits Settlements and Malaria Advisory Board, Federated Malay States: Singapore. 242 pp.
GOVINDARAJAN M. 2010. Larvicidal efficacy of Ficus benghalensis L. plant leaf extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Aedes aegypti L. and Anopheles stephensi L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 14: 107-111.
GOVINDARAJAN M, MATHIVANAN T, ELUMALAI K, KRISHNAPPA K, ANANDAN A. 2010. Ovicidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pacific J Trop Biomed 2011: 43-48.
HARBACH RE. 2011. Classification within the cosmopolitan genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae): The foundation for molecular systematics and phylogenetic research. Acta Tropica 120: 1-14.
HARRISON BA, RATTANARITHIKUL R. 1973. Comparative morphology of the early larval instars of Aedes aegypti and A. seatoi in Thailand. Mosq Syst 5: 280-294.
KRON M, WALKER E, HERNANDEZ L, TORRES E, LIBRANDA-RAMIREZ B. 2000. Lymphatic filariasis in the Philippines. Parasitol Today 16: 329-333.
LUCANTONI L, GIUSTI F, CRISTOFARO M, PASQUALINI L, ESPOSITO F, LUPETTI P, HABLUETZEL A. 2006. Effects of a neem extract on blood feeding, oviposition and oocyte ultrastructure in Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Tissue and Cell 38: 361-371.
MANGUIN S, BANGS MJ, POTHIKASIKORN J, CHAREONVIRIYAPHAP T. 2009. Review on global co-transmission of human Plasmodium species and Wuchereria bancrofti by Anopheles mosquitoes. Infect Genet Evol 10: 159-177.
MUTURI EJ, JACOB BG, KIM CH, MBOGO CM, NOVAK RJ. 2008. Are coinfections of malaria and filariasis of any epidemiological significance? Parasitol Res 102: 175-181.
PAVIA J. 2013. Central Luzon dengue cases down by 50%. The Business Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/index.php/en/news/regions/ 19254-central-luzon-dengue-cases-down-by-50 on June 17 2014.
[PIA] PHILIPPINE INFORMATION AGENCY. 2013. Kaso ng dengue, malaria at TB sa Bulacan patuloy sa pagbaba. Retrieved from http://news.pia.gov.ph/index.php?article=571378102967 on June 17, 2014
[PPAO] PROVINCIAL PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE. 2011a. Free hospitalization, medication for Dengue patients in Bulacan, still ongoing. Bulacan Website. Accessible at http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/newsarticle.php?id=1250
[PPAO] PROVINCIAL PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE. 2011b. PGB steps up to prevent Malaria cases from spreading. Bulacan Website. Accessible at http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/newsarticle.php?id=1222
RAVEL S, MONTENY N, OLMOS DV, VERDUGO JE, CUNY G. 2001. A preliminary study of the population genetics of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mexico using microsatellite and AFLP markers. Acta Tropica 78: 241-250.
REID JA. 1968. Anopheline mosquitoes of Malaya and Borneo. Stud Inst Med Res Malaysia 31: 1-520.
REUBEN R, TEWARI SC, HIRIYAN J, AKIYAMA J. 1994. Illustrated keys to species of Culex (Culex) associated with Japanese encephalitis in Southeast Asia (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 26: 75-96.
SALIKNETA Farm 2015. About Salikneta Farm: Founding of the Agrivet Sciences Institute. Accessible at http://www.saliknetafarm.com.ph/about-salikneta.html (Date of access: October 12, 2015).
SANTIAGO ATA, CLAVERIA FG. 2012. Medically important mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) identified in rural Barangay Binubusan, Lian, Batangas Province, Philippines. Philipp J Sci 141: 103-109.
SIRIVANAKARN S. 1976. Medical entomology studies III. A revision of the subgenus Culex in the Oriental region (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Amer Ent Inst 12: 1-272.
SITHIPRASASNA R, LEE WJ, UGSANG DM, LINTHICUM KJ. 2005. Identification and characterization of larval and adult anopheline mosquito habitats in the Republic of Korea: potential use of remotely sensed data to estimate mosquito distributions. Int J Health Geog 4:17. Open access at http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/4/1/17
STOOPS CA, GIONAR YR, SHINTA, SISMADI P, RUSMIARTO S, SUSAPTO D, RACHMAT A, ELYAZAR IF, SUKOWATI S. 2008. Larval collection records of Culex species (Diptera: Culcidae) with an emphasis on Japanese encephalitis vectors in rice fields in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. J Vector Ecol 33: 216-217.
TORRES EP, SALAZAR NP, BELIZARIO VY, SAUL A. 1996. Vector abundance and behavior in an area of low malaria endemicity in Bataan, the Philippines. Acta Tropica 63: 209-220.
WALLIS M, LOPEZ V, RUTAO G, ZUNIGA C. 2011. Dengue cases in Central Luzon, Ilocos on the rise. ABS-CBN News. Retrieved from http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/regions/08/11/11/dengue-cases-central-luzon-ilocos-rise on June 17, 2014
WALTER REED BIOSYSTEMATICS UNIT. 2010. Keys to the medically important mosquito species: PACOM keys. Accessible at http://wrbu.org/pacom_MQkeys.html
WISE KS. 1912. Culex mimeticus. Br Guiana Med Ann 1912: 107-108.
