Toxicity of Arsenic, Aluminum, Chromium and Nickel to the Embryos of the Freshwater Snail, Radix quadrasi von Möellendorf 1898
Catrine Jell B. Factor and Emmanuel Ryan C. de Chavez*
Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences,
College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños,
College, Laguna, Philippines
corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Heavy metals are one of the major toxicants affecting different organisms including freshwater snails. To examine this problem, the effects of arsenic (As3+), aluminum (Al3+), chromium (Cr6+), and nickel (Ni2+) on the embryonic development of the freshwater pulmonate, Radix quadrasi, were determined. For the acute toxicity of individual metals, a total of 100 egg masses were subjected to static renewal test for 96h. Sublethal toxicity test based on adjusted LC10-96h concentrations was conducted for 14 days. Based on the LC50-96h, the toxicity trend for embryos was Cr6+ (0.0263 mg/L) > As3+(1.0147 mg/L) > Ni2+ (1.5877 mg/L) > Al3+(1.8787 mg/L). Sublethal toxicity test showed growth retardation as the most common abnormality among embryos exposed to As3+, Al3+ and Ni2+, followed by edema and thinning of the shell. The hatchability and incubation period were also significantly decreased and prolonged in all treatment groups as compared to the control. The lowest observed effective concentration which induced abnormality was lower than the criteria continuous concentration and comparable to the detected field levels in polluted Philippine freshwater system. The present study demonstrated R. quadrasi embryos as a general sensitive bioindicator for trace levels of As3+, Al3+, Ni2+, and Cr6+.
INTRODUCTION
Persistence of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystem is one of the major environmental concerns in developing countries as they cause adverse effects on the health and reproductive capacity of different organisms including many invertebrates. Waterborne heavy metals such as arsenic prolonged hatching and decreased the fecundity in Biomphalaria glabrata (Ansaldo et al. 2009), while aluminum altered the feeding activity in Lymnaea stagnalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES
ANSALDO M, NAHABEDIAN DE, DI FONZO C, WIDER EA. 2009. Effect of cadmium, lead and arsenic on the oviposition, hatching and embryonic survival of Biomphalaria glabrata. Sci Total Environ 497: 1923-28.
BRIDGES CC, ZALUPS RK. 2005. Molecular and ionic mimicry and the transport of toxic metals, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 204: 274-308.
CANIVET V, CHAMBON P, GILBERT J. 2001. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of arsenic and chromium in epigean and hypogean freshwater macroinvertebrates. Arch Environ Con Toxicol 40: 345-354.
CHAVEZ HM, CASAO EA, VILLANUEVA EP, PARAS MP, GUINTO MC, MASQUEDA MB. 2006. Heavy metal and microbial analyses of janitor fish (Pterygoplicths spp.) in Laguna Bay, Philippines. JESAM 9: 31-40.
CHEUNG CCC, LAM PKS. 1998. Effect of cadmium on the embryos and juveniles of a tropical freshwater snail, Physa acuta (Drapanaud, 1805), Water Sci Technol 38: 263-270.
CLEVELAND L, LITTLE EE, HAMILTON SJ. 1986. Interactivetoxicity of aluminium and acidity to early life stages of brook trout. Trans Am Fish Soc 115: 610-620.
COEURDASSIER M, GOMOT-DE VAUFLEURY A, BADOT PM. 2000. Dose-dependent growth inhibition and bioaccumulation of hexavalent chromium in land snail, Helix aspersa. Environ Toxicol Chem 19: 2571-78.
CORREA AC, ESCOBAR JS, DURAND P, RENAUD F, DAVID P,JARNE P, POINTIER JP, SYLVIE BOUSSÈS S. 2010. Bridging gaps in the molecular phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), vectors of fascioliasis. BMC Evol Biol 10: 381.
DAVE G, XU R. 1991. Toxicity of mercury, copper, nickel, lead, and cobalt to embryos and larvae of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 21: 126-134.
DAVID CPC. 2003. Establishing the impact of acid mine drainage through metal bioaccumulation and taxa richness of benthic insects in a tropical asian streams (The Philippines). Environ Toxicol Chem 22: 2952-59.
DE CHAVEZ ERC, DE LARA AV. 2003. Effects of zinc (Zn2+) and lead (Pb2+) on the early development of the freshwater snail, Radix quadrasi. J Med Appl Malacol 12: 59-68.
DE LARA AV, ENRIQUEZ G. 1981. Life history of laboratory reared Radix quadrasi. Kalikasan. Philipp J Biol 10: 242-251.
DE LARA AV. 1991. Sublethal Effects of Copper on the Early Development, Survival, Growth and Reproduction of a Laboratory-reared Freshwater Pulmonate Snail Radix quadrasi. [Ph. D. Dissertation]. Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Diliman. 72p.
[DENR] Department of Environment and Natural Resources (Philippines). 1994. DENR administrative order (DAO) No. 26-a.
DOBRANSKYTE A, JUGDAOHSING HR, MCCROHAN CR, STUCHLIK E, POWELL JJ, WHITE KN. 2006. Effect of humic acid on water chemistry, bioavailability and toxicity of aluminum in the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, at neutral pH. Environ Pollut 140: 340-347.
ELANGOVAN R, MCCROHAN CR, BALANCE S, POWELL JJ, WHITE KN. 2000. Localization and fate of aluminum in the digestive gland of freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Tissue Cell 32: 79-87.
EISLER R. 1998. Nickel Hazards to Fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. United States geological survey, biological resources division, biological sciences report 1998-0001. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Laurel, Maryland. p. 95.
FINNEY DJ. 1971. Probit Analysis. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 350p.
FOULKES EC. 2000. Transport of toxic heavy metals across cell membranes. Exp Biol Med 223: 234-240.
GOMOT A. 1998. Toxic effects of cadmium on reproduction, development, and hatching in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis for water quality monitoring. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety. http://www.windows8games.info/ 41: 288-297.
GOODYEAR KL, MCNEILL S. 1999. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic macro-invertebrates of different feeding guilds: a review. Sci Total Environ 299: 1-19.
GREENPEACE. 2007. The State of Water Resources in the Philippines. Quezon City: Greenpeace Southeast Asia. 49p.
GROSELL M, BRIX KV. 2009. High net calcium uptake explains the hypersensitivity of the freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, to chronic lead exposure. Aquat Toxicol 91: 302-311.
GUIBAUD G, GAUTHIER C. 2003. Study of aluminum concentration and speciation of surface water in four catchments in the Limousin region (France), J Inorg Biochem 97: 16-25.
HALLARE AV, KOSMEHL T, SCHULZE T, HOLLERT H, KOHLER HR, TRIEBSKORN R. 2005. Assessing contamination levels of Laguna Lake sediments (Philippines) using a contact assay with zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Sci Total Environ 347: 254-271.
HESS O. 1971. Experimental Embryology of Marine and Freshwater Invertebrates: Freshwater Gastropoda. North-Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Netherlands. p. 215-257.
HUNT JW, ANDERSON BS, PHILLIPS BM, TJEERDEMA RS, PUCKETT HM, STEPHENSON M, TUCKER DW, WATSON D. 2002. Acute and chronic toxicity of nickel to marine organisms: Implications for water quality criteria. Environ Toxicol Chem 21: 2423-30.
JEZIERSKA B, SLOMINSKA I. 1997. The effect of copper oncommon carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) during embryonic and postembryonic development. Pol Arch Hydrobiol 44: 261-272.
JEZIERSKA B, LUGOWSKA K, WITESKA M. 2009. The effects of heavy metals on embryonic development of fish (a review). Fish Physiol Biochem 35: 625-640.
KHANGAROT BS, DAS S. 2010a. Bioaccumulation and toxic effect on feeding and growth of an indian pond snail Lymnaea luteola L. under laboratory conditions. J Hazard Mater 182: 763-770.
KHANGAROT DM, DAS S. 2010b. Effects of copper on the egg development and hatching of a freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea luteola L. J Hazard Mater 179: 665-675.
KOSALWAT P, KNIGHT AW. 1987. Chronic toxicity of copper to a partial life cycle of the midge, Chironomus decour. Arch Environ Con Tox 16: 283-290.
LEUNG KMY, GRIST EPM, MORLEY NJ, MORRITT D, CRANE M. 2007. Chronic toxicity of tributyltin to development of the European freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). Chemosphere 66: 1358-66.
LIAO CM, TSAI JW, LING MP, LIANG HM, CHOU YH, YANG PT. 2004. Organ-specific toxicokinetics and dose-response of arsenic in tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Arch Environ Con Tox 47: 502-510.
LUSHCHAK OV, KUBRAK OI, NYKORAK MZ, STOREY KB, LUSHCHAK VI. 2008. The effect of potassium dichromate on free radical processes in goldfish: Possible protective role of glutathione. Aquat Toxicol 87: 108-114.
MANDAL BK, SUZUKI KT. 2002. Arsenic round the world: a review. Talanta 58: 201-235.
MARCHESE M, GAGNETEN AM, PARMA MJ, PAVÉ PJ. 2008. Accumulation and elimination of chromium by freshwater species exposed to spiked sediments, Arch Environ Con Toxicol 55: 603-609.
MASON AZ, JENKINS KD. 1995. Metal detoxification in aquatic organisms. In: Tessier A, Turner DR Eds. Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems. London: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., p. 479-608.
[NEPC] National Environmental Protection Council. 1982. National Environmental Protection Council Report. Quezon City: National Environmental Protection. 27p.
OEHLMANN J, SCHULTE- OEHLMANN U. 2003. Molluscs as bioindicators. In: Markert BA, Breure AM, Zechmeister HG (eds.). Bioindicators and biomonitors. UK: Elsevier Science Limited. p. 557.
O’NEILL SC, VALDEOLMILLOS M, EISNER DA. 1988. The effects of nickel on contraction on membrane current in isolated rat myocytes. Q J Exp Physiol 73: 1017-20.
PANE EF, PATEL M, WOOD CM. 2006. Chronic, sublethal nickel acclimation alters the diffusive properties of renal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVS) prepared from the freshwater rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol C 143: 78-85.
RAINBOW S, DALLINGER R. (Eds.). 1993. Ecotoxicology of Metals in Invertebrates. Florida: Lewis Publishers, p. 480.
RAVERA O. 1991 Influence of heavy metals on the reproduction and embryonic development of freshwater pulmonates (Gastropoda; Mollusca) and cladocerans (Crustacea: Arthropoda). Comp Biochem Physiol C 100: 215-219.
REMIGIO EA. 2002. Molecular phylogenetic relationships in the aquatic snail genus Lymnaea, the intermediate host of the causative agent of fascioliasis: insights from broader taxon sampling. Parasitol Res 88: 687-696.
RINGWOOD AH, BROUWER M. 1993. Expression of constitutive and metal-inducible metallothioneins in oyster embryos (Crassostrea virginica). Comp Biochem Physiol B 106: 523-529.
SALÁNKI J, FARKAS A, KAMARDINA T, RÓZSA KS. 2003. Molluscs in biological monitoring of water quality. Toxicol Lett 140-141: 403-410.
SOUZA F, SCHALL VT, BARBOSA NDC, SCHETTINO M, LAUTNER JR R. 1988. Influence of experimental illumination and seasonal variation on crossbreeding mating in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro. 83(1): 79-85.
SPEHAR RL, FIANDT JT. 1986. Acute and chronic effects of water quality criteria based on metal mixtures on three aquatic insects. Environ Contam Toxicol 5: 917-931.
STOUTHART AJHX, SPANINGS FAT, LOCK RAC, BONGA SEW. 1995. Effects of water pH on chromium toxicity to early life stage of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquat Toxicol 32: 31-42.
TEEFY S, SINGER PC.1990. Performance and analysis of tracer tests to determine compliance of a disinfection scheme with the SWTR. J Am Water Works Assoc 82: 88-98.
TRUMBLE JT, JENSEN PD. 2004. Ovipositional response, developmental effects and toxicity of hexavalent chromium to Megaselia scalaris, a terrestrial detritivore. Arch Environ Con Toxicol 46: 372-376.
[US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria, Washington, D.C.: US EPA. 24p.
VIYAJAVEL K, GOPALAKRISHNAN S, BALASUBRAMANIAN MP. 2007. Sublethal effect of silver and chromium in the green mussel Perna viridis with reference to alterations in oxygen uptake, filtration rate and membrane bound ATP-ase system as biomarkers. Chemosphere 69: 979-986.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 1998. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2nd ed. Addendum to volume 2: Health criteria and other supporting information. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 31p.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2003a. Aluminum in drinking-water. Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva: World Health Organization. 9p.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2003b. Chromium in drinking-water. Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva: World Health Organization. 8p.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2005. Nickel in drinking-water. Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva: World Health Organization. 22p.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2011. Arsenic in drinking-water. Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva: World Health Organization. 16p.
WONG CK, PAK AP. 2004. Acute and subchronic toxicity of the heavy metals copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc, individually and in mixture, to the freshwater copepod Mesocyclops pehpeiensis. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 73: 190-196.
VAN STRAALEN NM. 1998. Evaluation of bioindicator systems derived from soil arthropod communities. Appl Soil Ecol 9: 429-437.
VAN WENSEM, J, VEGTER JJ, VAN STRAALEN NM. 1994. Soil quality criteria derived from critical body concentrations of metals in soil invertebrates. Appl Soil Ecol 1: 185-191.
ZAFAR TA, WEAVER CM. 1999. Effects of aluminum on calcium absorption, growth and bone calcium content. Int J Agr Biol 1: 138-141.
