Layer Chicken Parent Stock Pelleted Litter as Fertilizer in Soybean Production
Tawadchai Suppadit1*, Laongdown Sangla2 and Ladda Udompon3
1The Graduate Program in Environmental Management, School of Social and Envmtl Dvlpmt
National Institute of Development Administration
Bangkapi, Bangkok, Thailand
2Chiang Mai Field Crops Research Center, Office of Agrl Research and Dvlpmt, Region 1
Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
Sansai, Chiang Mai, Thailand
3Sanitation and Health Impact Assessment Division, Department of Health
Ministry of Public Health, Muang, Nonthaburi, Thailand
*corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it./ This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Alternative waste management practices need to enhance the safe and economical production of layer chicken parent stock. An appropriate method to enhance safety and benefit is to reuse layer chicken parent stock litter as fertilizer for soybean production. Research was done to study the growth of soybeans, lipid, and protein content in seeds, and heavy metal content in leaves and seeds after the experiment. The experiment was conducted at an artificial housing constructed in Muang district, Ratchaburi province, Thailand from May to September, 2006. The research comprised 6 treatments: pelleted layer chicken parent stock litter (PLCPSL) at rates of 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 kg/pot mixture and chemical fertilizer (12 – 24 – 12) at a rate of 0.01 kg/pot were provided to soybean cultivar Chiang Mai 60 (CM. 60). Results showed that PLCPSL could be used as fertilizer for soybean production with an optimum rate of 0.08 kg/pot mixture, which gave the best performance in terms of the number of nodes, height, dry matter accumulation, and total yield, exceeding the results obtained from using chemical fertilizer. Also, the nutrient content in the soil after the experiment increased as the PLCPSL content increased. Seed protein showed the highest level when using PLCPSL at a rate of 0.08 kg/pot, whereas seed lipids showed the lowest content. After the experiment, the heavy metal content (lead, cadmium, and mercury) in the leaves was higher than standard values.
INTRODUCTION
Layer chicken raising is an important livestock industry in Thailand. In 2005, the total number of layer chickens was 41,210 [Department of Livestock Development (DLD) 2006] and this number increased by 0.478% annually from 2001 – 2005. The increasing number of layer chickens has led to an increase in the raising of layer chicken parent stocks. In 2004, Thailand imported 669,305 layer chicken parent stocks (DLD 2005). The expansion in the rearing of layer chicken parent stock has had a negative impact on the environment due to some significant residual wastes, such as the litter (rice husk-based) (Suppadit 2007). If not treated correctly litter produces a foul odor which affects the environment negatively. The litter can also become a source of disease pathogens and produce poisonous gases from fermentation. When the litter is washed away into a surface water source, it increases nutrients for water plants. Water plants that grow in abundance eventually reduce oxygen in the water and negatively affect aquatic animals (Suppadit 2002). However, if the litter is properly handled, it can become fertilizer for crop production. A study by Udompon (2006) revealed that fertilizer made from the litter of layer chicken parent stock has higher nutrient content than broiler litter (2.9% N, 1.6% P and 2.3% K) (Suppadit 2000), with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) levels of 3.7, 4.9, and 2.35%, by weight, respectively. However, the process of transforming the litter of layer chicken parent stock into fertilizer is rather complicated. There are also problems with flies, dust, and smell. One acceptable method to solve this problem is pelleting. In their experiment, Suppadit et al. (2002) had the litter of layer chicken parent stock undergo a pelleting process with satisfactory result. The pelleting process created a temperature of 90° C and consequently reduced environmental pollution. Both the environmental problems and the potential usefulness of the litter of layer chicken parent stock are the motives behind this study on pelleted litter of layer chicken parent stock to produce fertilizer for soybeans, a crucial cash crop in Thailand (Suppadit 2000). This practice is expected to increase the income of farmers who raise layer chicken parent stock and reduce soybean production costs, because the litter-based fertilizer from this source can replace chemical fertilizer.
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