GOVPH
MENU

Chemometric Differentiation of Dipterocarpaceae Wood Species Based on Colorimetric Measurements

Monica Gibe1, Justine M. Kalaw2, Willie P. Abasolo1, and Fortunato Sevilla III2,3*

1College of Forestry and Natural Resources
University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
2Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas
España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
3Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences,
University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines

*Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

 

ABSTRACT

The international trade of illegal timber often involves the misdeclaration of the wood species. A simple and reliable means for the differentiation of wood species could contribute to the control of this fraud.  In this study, eight (8) commercially important and endangered dipterocarp timber wood species and mahogany were differentiated through colorimetric measurements carried out on hot water and ethanol extracts from the samples. Colorimetric measurements were done using a fabricated colorimeter that measured the absorption of blue, green, and red radiation. Chemometric analysis of the colorimetric data using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed clustering, which enabled an efficient differentiation of the wood species.

 

INTRODUCTION

The development of rapid and accurate methods for the differentiation of wood species presents a challenge. A need has been expressed for methodologies that can be applied for the definitive identification of illegally cut logs (Dormontt et al. 2015). The international trade of illegal timber has promoted the destruction of the world’s forest and threatened the conservation of valuable and endangered woody plants (Li et al. 2008). The control of this trade is hindered by a lack of a reliable wood identification system that can be used in the field since illegal traders often misdeclare their commodities and forest guards cannot determine the correct identity of the wood species being hauled by merchants. . . . read more

 

REFERENCES

ABASOLO WP, GIBE M 2015. Determining the potential of colorimetry in wood identification. IAMURE Int J Ecol Conserv 14: 1–14.
ADEDIPE OE, DAWSON-ANDOH B, SLAHOR J, OSBORN L 2008. Classification of red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Quercus alba) wood using a near infrared spectrometer and soft independent modelling of class analogies. J Near Infrared Spectrosc 16: 49–57.
ASHTON PS 2004. Dipterocarpaceae. In: Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, Vol. 5.  Soepadmo E, Saw LG, Chung RCK  eds, Kuala Lumpur: Forest Research Institute Malaysia. p. 63–338.
BRAGA J, PASTORE T, CORADIN V, CAMARGOS J, DA SILVA A. 2011. The use of near infrared spectroscopy to identify solid wood specimens of Swietenia macrophylla (CITES Appendix II). IAWA J 32: 285–296.
BROWN S. 1997. Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests: A primer.  Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
CABRAL EC, SIMAS RC, SANTOS VG, QUEIROGA CL, CUNHA VS, SA GF, DARODA RJ, EBERLIN MN. 2012. Wood typification by Venturi easy ambient sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry: The case of the endangered mahogany tree. J Mass Spectrom 47: 1–6.
CHEN J, LIN C-Y,  CHENG S-S, CHANG S-T. 2015. Rapid discrimination and feature extraction of three Chamaecyparis species by static-HS/GC−MS. J Agric Food Chem 63: 810−820.
CHENA H, FERRARI F, ANGUILI M, YAO J, RASPI C, BRAMANTI E. 2010.  Qualitative and quantitative analysis of wood samples by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis.  Carbohydr Polym 82: 772–778.
CORDEIRO JR, MARTINEZ MIV, LI RWC, CARDOSO AP, NURIES LC, KRUG FJ, GRUBER J. 2012. Identification of Four Wood Species by an Electronic Nose and by LIBS. Int J Electrochem 2012: 1–5.
DA SILVA AR, PASTORE T, BRAGA J, DAVRIEUX F, OKINO E, CORADIN V, CAMARGOS J, DO PARDO A. 2013. Assessment of total phenols and extractives of mahogany wood by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Holzforschung 67: 1–8.
DEGEN B, FLADUNG M. 2008. Use of DNA-markers for tracing illegal logging.  Landbauforschung Volkenrode 58: 6–14.
DORMONTT E, BONER M, BRAUN B, BREULMANN G, DEGEN B, ESPINOZA E, GARDNER S, GUILLERY P, HERMANSON JC, KOCH G, LEE SL, KANASHIRO M, RIMBAWANTO A, THOMAS D, WIEDENHOEFT AC, YIN YF, ZAHNEN J, LOWE AJ. 2015. Forensic timber identification: It's time to integrate disciplines to combat illegal logging.  Biol Conserv 191: 790–798.
DURST PB, WAGGENER TR, ENTERS T, CHENG TL. 2001. Forests out of bounds: Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests in Asia-Pacific. Bangkok: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
ESPINOZA EO, LANCASTER CA, KREITALS NM, HATA M, CODY RB, BLANCHETTE RA. 2014. Distinguishing wild from cultivated agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) using direct analysis in real time and time of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 28: 281–289.
GARNEAU F-X, RIEDEL B, HOBBS S, PICHETTE A, GAGNON H. 2004. The use of sensor array technology for rapid differentiation of the sapwood and heartwood of Eastern Canadian spruce, fir and pine. Holz Roh Werkst 62: 470–473.
GASSON P. 2011. How precise can wood identification be? Wood anatomy's role in support of the legal timber trade, especially CITES. IAWA J 32: 137.
HARNELLY E. 2013. DNA Sequence-Based Identification and Molecular Phylogeny Within Subfamily Dipterocarpoideae (Dipterocarpaceae) [Ph.D. Dissertation]. Göttingen, Germany: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen.
HILLIS WE. 1971. Distribution, Properties and Formation of Wood Extractives.  Wood Sci Technol 5: 272–289.  
HOBRO AJ, KULIGOWSHKI J, DOLL M, LENDL B. 2010. Differentiation of walnut wood species and steam treatment using ATR-FTIR and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Anal Bioanal Chem 398: 2713–2722.
HUANG A, ZHOU Q, LIU J, FEI B, SUN S. 2008. Distinction of three wood species by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and two dimensional correlation IR spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 883–884: 160–166.
[IUCN] International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2018. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [Version 2018-1]. Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org on 15 Jun 2018.
LaFRANKIE JV. 2010. Trees of Tropical Asia: An Illustrated Guide to Diversity.  Philippines: Black Tree Publications.
LANCASTER C, ESPINOZA E. 2012. Analysis of select Dalbergia and trade timber using direct analysis in real time and time-of-flight mass spectrometry for CITES enforcement.  Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26: 1147–115.
LAVINE BK, DAVIDSON CF, MOORES AJ, GRIFFITHS PR. 2001. Raman  spectroscopy and genetic algorithms for the classification of wood types.  Appl Spectrosc 55: 960–966.
LI R, BUONGIORNO J, TURNER J A, ZHU S, PRESTEMON J. 2008. Long-term effects of eliminating illegal logging on the world forest industries, trade, and inventory. Forest Policy Econ 10: 480–490.
MARQUES FA, FRENSCH G, ZALESKI SRM, NAGATA N, SALES MAIA B, LAZZARI S, LENZ CA, CORRE AG. 2012. Differentiation of five pine species cultivated in Brazil based on chemometric analysis of their volatiles identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Braz Chem Soc 23: 1756–1761.
NAULT JR, MANVILLE JF. 1997. Species Differentiation of Two Common Lumber Mixes by Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (DRIFT) Spectroscopy. Wood Fiber Sci 29: 2–9.
PASTORE T, BRAGA J, CORADIN V, MAGALHAES W, OKINO E, CAMARGOS J, DE MUNIZ G, BRESSARI OA, DAVRIEUX F. 2011. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a potential tool for monitoring trade of similar woods: Discrimination of true mahogany, cedar, andiroba, and curupixá. Holzforschung 65: 73–80.
RANA R, LANGENFELD-HEYSER R, FINKELDEY R, POLLE A. 2009. Functional anatomy of five endangered tropical timber wood species of the family of Dipterocarpaceae. Trees 23: 521–529.
RANA R, LANGENFELD-HEYSER R, FINKELDEY R, POLLE A. 2010. FTIR spectroscopy, chemical and histochemical characterisation of wood and lignin of five tropical timber wood species of the family of Dipterocarpaceae. Wood Sci Technol 44: 225–242.
RANA R, VILLARIN R, GAILING O, FINKELDEY R, POLLE A. 2012. Height growth, wood density and molecular markers to distinguish five tree species of Dipterocarpaceae grown at same site. Bangladesh J Sci Ind Res 47: 407–414.
RUSS A, FISEROVA M, GIGAC J. 2009. Preliminary study of wood species identification by NIR spectroscopy. Wood Res 54: 23–31.
SJÖSTRÖM E, ALÉN R. 1998. Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping, and Papermaking. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
WAHLGREN H, LAUNDRIE JF. 1997.  Properties of 50 individual Philippine hardwood barks and mixtures of 22 Ghanian and 18 Colombian hardwood barks [AID Report No. 10]. Madison, WI: Forest Product Laboratory.