Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum Böhm
Survival in High and Low Cadmium Levels
Rofeamor P. Obena1,2*, Susan dR. Arco1 and Rhodora V. Azanza3
1Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City
2Chemistry Department, Adventist University of the Philippines, Silang, Cavite and
R&D Laboratory, Agri-growth International Corporation, Antonino, Alicia, Isabela
3Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City,
*Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum (Pbc) is a major public health concern particularly in the Southeast Asian region, and increasing threat brought by heavy metal pollution has greatly disturbed and altered the ecological balance of the region’s marine waters. Herein, we report the effect of cadmium, a biotoxic metal, to cell cultures of Pbc. Within 72 h after treatment with high cadmium concentration (50 ppm Cd2+), the cell density dramatically declined. Chlorophylls a and c2 also decreased after 30-day exposure. However, the low Cd2+ (1 ppm)-treated cells had comparable response to the untreated cultures. Thus, the organism’s ability to survive under low dose of cadmium implies a built-in stress response mechanism, but higher concentration is lethal to its survival and growth. The result of this study may lead to clearer insight on the role of metal ions in the growth and bloom dynamics of this important dinoflagellate.
INTRODUCTION
Uncontrolled generation and indiscriminate disposal of wastes can cause exponential accumulation of toxic metal ions in the marine environment. Such cumulative act has not only affected the ecological balance but also the homeostasis of marine microfauna and microflora. In practice, pollution in marine waters can be assessed by monitoring the growth and decline of phytoplankton, such as . . . . read more
REFERENCES
AZANZA RV, SIRINGAN FP, SAN DIEGO-MCGLONE ML, YÑIQUEZ AT, MACALAD NH, ZAMORA PB, AGUSTIN MB, MATSUOKA K. 2004. Horizontal dinoflagellate cyst distribution, sediment characteristics and benthic flux in Manila Bay, Philippines. Phycol Res 52(4):376–386.
AZANZA RV, TAYLOR FJHM. 2001. Are Pyrodinium blooms in the Southeast Asian Region recurring and spreading? A view at the end of the millennium. Ambio 30(6):356–364.
CORRALES RA, HALL S. 1993. Isolation and culture of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum from the Philippines. In: Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the Sea. Smayda TJ and Shimizu Y, eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p. 725–730.
ECHEVESTE P, AUSTI S, TOVAR-SANCHEZ A. 2012. Toxic thresholds of cadmium and lead to oceanic phytoplankton: cell size and ocean basin-dependent effects. Envi Toxicol Chem 31(8):1887–1894.
FERNANDEZ-LEBORANS G, GABILONDO R, RUIZ-ALVAREZ S. 2007. Inter-annual depth-dependent toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in marine benthic protist communities. Oceanologia 49(3):305–336.
FITZWATER S, JOHNSON KS, GORDON RM, COALE KH, SMITH WO. 2000. Trace metal concentrations in the Ross Sea and their relationship with nutrients and phytoplankton growth. Deep-Sea Res II 47(15–16):3159–3179.
FUKUYO Y, KODAMA M, OMURA T, FURUYA K, FURIO EF, CAYME M, TEEN LP, HA DV, KOTAKI Y, MATSUOKA K, et al. 2011. Ecology and oceanography of harmful marine microalgae (Project-2). In: Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia —Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science: Coastal Marine Science (2001–2010). Nishida S, Fortes MD and Miyazaki N, eds. Tokyo, Japan: TERRAPUB. p. 23-48.
KNAUER K, BEHRA R, SIGG L. 1997. Effects of free Cu2+ and Zn2+ on growth and metal accumulation in freshwater algae. Environ Toxicol Chem 16(2):220–229.
KUPFER H, ŠETLIK I, SPILLER M, KŰPPER FC, PRAŠIL. 2002. Heavy metal-induced inhibition of photosynthesis: targets of in vivo heavy metal chlorophyll formation. J Phycol 38:429–441.
LAVOIE I, CAMPEAU S, ZUGIC-DRAKULIC N, WINTER JG, FORTIN C. 2014. Using diatoms to monitor stream biological integrity in Eastern Canada: An overview of 10 years of index development and ongoing challenges. Sci Total Environ 475:187–200.
LIU D, SHI Y, DI B, SUN Q, WANG Y, DONG Z, SHAO H. 2012. The impact of different pollution sources on modern dinoflagellate cysts in Sishili Bay, Yellow Sea, China. Mar Micropaleon 84–85:1–13.
LLWELLYN LE. 2006. Saxitoxin, a toxic marine natural product that targets a multitude of receptors. Nat Prod Rep 23(2):200–222.
MATSUOKA J, FUKUYO Y. GONZALES CL. 1985. A new discovery of cyst of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum from the Samar Sea, Philippines. In: Red tides, biology, environmental science and toxicology. Okaichi T, Anderson DM and Nemoto T, eds. New York: Elsevier. p. 301–304.
MERTENS KN WJ, CARBONELL-MOORE C, BOGUS K, ELLEGAARD M, LIMOGES A, DE VERNAL A, GURDEBEKE P, OMURA T, AL-MUFTAH A, MATSUOKA K. 2015. Taxonomic re-examination of the toxic armored dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense Plate 1906: Can morphology or LSU sequencing separate P. bahamense var. compressum from var. bahamense?. Harmful Algae 41:1–24.
MIAO AJ, WANG WX. 2006. Cadmium toxicity to two marine phytoplanktons under different nutrient conditions. Aquat Toxicol 78(2):114–126.
MOULIS JM. 2010. Cellular mechanisms of cadmium toxicity related to the homeostasis of essential metals. Biometals 23(5):877–896.
PARK H, SONG BA, MOREL FM. 2007. Diversity of the cadmium-containing carbonic anhydrase in marine diatoms and natural waters. Environ Microbiol 9(2):403–413.
PAWLIK-SKOWROŃSKA B. 2001. Phytochelatin production in freshwater algae Stigeoclonium in response to heavy metals contained in mining water; Effects of some environmental factors. Aquat Toxicol 52(3–4):241–249
PEREZ-RAMA M, HERRERO C, ALONZO JA, VAAMONDE ET. 2001. Class III metallothioneins in response to cadmium toxicity in the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butch. Envi Toxicol Chem 20:2061–2066.
PISTOCCHI R, MORMILE AM, GUERRINI F, ISANI G, BONI LR. 2000. Increased production of extra- and intracellular metal-ligands in phytoplankton exposed to copper and cadmium. J Appl Phycol 12(3):469–477.
RYTHER JH, YENTSCH CS. 1957. The estimation of phytoplankton production in the ocean from chlorophyll and light data. Limnol Oceanogr 2(3):281-286.
SADIQ M. 1992. Toxic metals chemistry in marine environments. New York: Mercel Dekker. 392p.
SÆTRE MLL, DALE B, ABDULLAH MI, SÆTRE GP.1997. Dinoflagellate cysts as possible indicators of industrial pollution in a Norwegian fjord. Mar Environ Res 44(2):167–189.
SMAYDA TJ, REYNOLD CS. 2003. Strategies of marine dinoflagellate survival and some rules of assembly. J Sea Res 49(2): 95–106.
STERMAN NT. 1998. Spectrometric and fluorometric chlorophyll analysis. In: Experimental phycology: A laboratory manual. Lobban CS, Chapman DJ, and Kilmer BP, eds. Cambridge University Press. p. 35-41.
TORRES E, CID A, FIDALGO P, HERRERO C, ABALDE J. 1997. Long chain class III metallothionein as a mechanism of cadmium tolerance in the marine diatom Phaedactylum tricornutum Bohlin. Aquat Toxicol 39(3–4): 231–246.
Q TWINING BS, BAINES SB. 2013. The trace metal composition of marine phytoplankton. Ann Rev Mar Sci 5:191–215.
USUP G, KULIS DM, ANDERSON DM. 1994. Growth and toxin production of the toxic dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum in laboratory cultures. Nat Toxins 2(5):254–262.
WANG MJ, WANG WX. 2009. Cadmium in three marine phytoplankton: Accumulation, subcellular fate and thiol induction. Aquat Toxicol 95:99–107.
WANG MJ, WANG WX. 2011. Cadmium sensitivity, uptake, subcellular distribution and thiol induction in a marine diatom: Recovery from cadmium exposure. Aquat Toxicol 101:387–395.
XU Y, MOREL FMM. 2013. Cadmium in marine phytoplankton. In: Cadmium: From toxicity to essentiality. Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RKO, eds. Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series. Volume 11. Netherlands: Springer. p. 509–528.
ZENG J, YANG L, WANG WX. 2009. Acclimation to and recovery from cadmium and zinc exposure by a freshwater cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa. Aquatic Toxicol 93:1–10.
